MAZUR NINTH EDITION page references

READINGS (subject to expansion and revision)

in Mazur, James E. and Odum, Amy L., (2023). Learning and Behavior (9th ed.). New York: Routledge. (ISBN: 978-1-032-10564-2 (hbk), also 978-1-003-21595-0 (ebk))

CH.1: History, Background, and Basic Concepts

* pp. 11-15, "Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches to Learning," "The Emphasis on External Events"

* pp. 4-7 the Empiricist / Associationist tradition; (Rationalist / Nativist tradition covered in lecture)

* OPTIONAL: Ebbinghaus's human memory experiments pp. 7-11

* omit pp. 16-24 on "Brain and Behavior"

CH.2: Innate Behavior Patterns And Habituation -- entire chapter; note highlights and exceptions:

* reflex p. 30-31; tropism p. 31: kineses p. 31-32 and taxes p. 32; fixed-action patterns pp. 33-34; reaction chains pp. 34-35

* habituation: pp. 39-41; omit pp. 42-45 on "Neural Mechanisms Of Habituation"; continue with pp. 45-51 on the "Habituation in Emotional Responses: The Opponent-Process Theory" and chapter summary

CH.3: Basic Principles Of Classical Conditioning -- entire chapter; note highlights and exceptions:

* omit "PTSD and Virtual Reality Therapy" pp. 72-73 and "Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis" p. 74; continue with chapter summary on p. 75

CH.4: Theories And Research On Classical Conditioning -- entire chapter; note highlights and exceptions:

* omit "Theories Of Attention" and "Comparator Theories Of Conditioning" pp. 85-87; "Classical Conditioning in Advertising" pp. 87-88; "Neuroscience and Classical Conditioning" pp. 88-92

* continue with pp. 93-101 "Biological Constraints on Classical Conditioning" and "The Form of the Conditioned Response", through "Conditioned Opponent Theories", and chapter summary pp. 101-102

Index of Classical Conditioning Phenomena:

Acquisition [55-56, 61]

Extinction [62]

Spontaneous Recovery [62-63]

Inhibition / Excitation [62-63]

Disinhibition [63]

Rapid Reacquisition [63]

Pavlov's Stimulus Substitution Theory [58-59]

S-S and S-R Associations [59-60]

- Rescorla's Devaluation and Revaluation Procedures

Higher-Order Conditioning [69-70]

Sensory Preconditioning

Conditioned Inhibition [63-64]

- Retardation and Summation Tests

Latent Inhibition / CS Pre-Exposure Effect [86]

US Pre-Exposure Effect

Sensitization (increased responsiveness to ANY stimulus after presentation of a strong US)

Generalization and Discrimination [64-65]

Role of the response in modern interpretations of classical conditioning may really just be as a dependent variable to measure strength of CS-US association (or of any S-S association); CR and UR as such aren't necessarily interesting

Psychoneuroimmunology (Conditioning of the Immune System) [65-66]

Watson's "Little Albert" Experiment on Phobias [71]

Systematic Desensitization [71-72]

Drug Tolerance, Withdrawal, Paradoxical Overdose [97-100]

Conditioned Opponent Theories [100-101]

- Sometimes Opponent Process (SOP)

Pavlov's Assumptions of Contiguity and Arbitrariness / Equipotentiality [94]

Taste Aversion Learning / Biological Constraints on Learning / Belongingness [93-97]

- Garcia's Experiment / The Garcia Effect [94]

- Wilcoxon, Dragoin, and Kral's Experiment [95]

- Hospital Anorexia (Taste Aversions in Chemotherapy)

Rescorla's Contingency Experiments (CS-US Correlations) [68-69]

- Experiment on Dogs Receiving Forward, Backward, and Mixed Conditioning

- Experiment on Rats Receiving Same Contiguity but Different Contingencies of Tone and Shock

Blocking [80, 82]

Overshadowing [83-84]

Rescorla-Wagner Model of Learning On Individual Conditioning Trials [81-85]

Overexpectation Effect [84-85]

CH.5: Basic Principles Of Operant Conditioning

* "The Law Of Effect" pp. 106-109; "The Research Of B.F. Skinner" pp. 117-119

* pp. 109-111: superstitious behaviors and Staddon and Simmelhag's (1971) interpretation in terms of interim and terminal behaviors (note relation to autoshaping / sign-tracking experiment on pp. 125-128)

* pp. 112-115: shaping (but omit pp. 115 on "percentile schedules")

* pp. 112-113 conditioned reinforcers

* p. 120 generalized reinforcers

* pp. 121-124 chaining

* pp. 124-130 biological constraints on operant conditioning: Brelands and intinctive drift; autoshaping or "sign-tracking" interpreted as classical rather than operant conditioning (note relation to SSDRs pp. 168-170)

CH.6 "The Four Simple Reinforcement Schedules" pp. 136-144

CH.7 Punishment: "Is Punishment The Opposite Of Reinforcement" pp. 173-174; "Disadvantages Of Using Punishment" pp. 177-178; "Negative Punishment" p. 178; "Negative Punishment: Response Cost And Time-Out" pp. 180-182

* pp. 163-164 definition of negative reinforcement and punishment

* p. 166 "two-factor theory"

* pp. 168-170 Bolles's idea of "species-specific defense reactions" or SSDRs

* pp. 171-173 learned helplessness

CH.8 "How Can We Predict What Will Be A Reinforcer?" pp. 198-200 (through "Drive Reduction")

* pp. 193-194 Tolman's views about the role of reinforcement; latent learning

* pp. 194-195 Neal Miller's work on operant conditioning of visceral responses; James Olds's work on electrical stimulation of the brain as a reinforcer

* pp. 202-204 Premack's principle

* pp. 206-207 response deprivation theory (Timberlake and Allison)